1. What is Water Flow Rate Through an Orifice?

Definition: This calculator determines the volumetric flow rate of water through an orifice (small opening) based on the orifice equation.

Purpose: It helps engineers, hydrologists, and plumbers design and analyze fluid systems with orifices.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the orifice equation:

Where:

• \( Q \) — Volumetric flow rate (m³/s)
• \( C \) — Discharge coefficient (0.6-0.9, typically 0.62 for sharp-edged orifices)
• \( A \) — Cross-sectional area of orifice (m²)
• \( g \) — Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)
• \( h \) — Head or height of water above orifice (m)

Explanation: The equation accounts for the velocity of fluid exiting the orifice and the contraction of the flow stream.

3. Importance of Orifice Flow Calculations

Details: Accurate flow rate calculations are essential for designing water systems, irrigation, hydraulic controls, and flow measurement devices.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the discharge coefficient (0.6-0.9), orifice area, gravity (default 9.81 m/s²), and head of water. All values must be valid (C between 0.6-0.9, others > 0).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the discharge coefficient (C)?
A: It accounts for energy losses and flow contraction. Typical values: 0.62 for sharp-edged orifices, up to 0.9 for well-rounded orifices.

Q2: How do I calculate orifice area?
A: For circular orifices, \( A = \pi \times r² \). For rectangular, \( A = width \times height \).

Q3: What is 'head' in this context?
A: The vertical distance from the water surface to the center of the orifice.

Q4: Does this work for other liquids?
A: Yes, but density effects are ignored in this basic formula. For other liquids, additional factors may be needed.

Q5: What if my orifice isn't small compared to the container?
A: This calculator assumes small orifices. For large openings, more complex formulas are needed.