1. What is Torricelli's Equation?

Definition: Torricelli's equation calculates the velocity of fluid flowing from an opening under the force of gravity.

Purpose: It helps engineers and physicists determine water velocity in systems like pipes, dams, and reservoirs.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses Torricelli's formula:

Where:

• \( V \) — Water velocity (meters/second)
• \( g \) — Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s² on Earth)
• \( h \) — Water head or height (meters)

Explanation: The velocity depends on the square root of twice the product of gravitational acceleration and water head.

3. Importance of Water Velocity Calculation

Details: Accurate velocity calculations are crucial for designing hydraulic systems, predicting flow rates, and ensuring proper system performance.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the gravitational acceleration (default 9.81 m/s²) and water head in meters. All values must be > 0.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is water head?
A: Water head refers to the vertical height difference between the water surface and the point of discharge.

Q2: When would I change the gravity value?
A: Only change if calculating for locations with different gravity (e.g., other planets) or for very precise engineering calculations.

Q3: Does this account for friction losses?
A: No, this is the theoretical maximum velocity. Real systems will have lower velocities due to friction and other losses.

Q4: What's the practical application of this?
A: Used in designing water supply systems, hydroelectric plants, irrigation systems, and fluid mechanics studies.

Q5: How accurate is this calculation?
A: It's theoretically accurate for ideal conditions, but real-world factors like viscosity and turbulence will affect actual velocity.